Overall, public R&D has a rate of return of 140-210%, they concluded. Crucially, this is a much higher estimate than the 30-70% rates of return economists calculate for private R&D, said Fieldhouse.

The message from Mojtaba Khamenei was read by a presenter on Iranian state TV. He has not been seen in public since succeeding his father.

States are setting new rules for cash purchases after the U.S. Mint stopped making pennies and the 1-cent coins get scarcer. Some states are considering legislation to allow, or require, ...